Information about your use of this website will be shared with Google and other third parties. At the suggested concentrations, the solutions (except for sodium hydroxide) represent minimal hazards, although it is probably advisable to label them as HARMFUL. Figure 9.5.1 An Instant Hot Pack Based on the Crystallization of Sodium Acetate The hot pack is at room temperature prior to agitation (left). Since theses are dilute solutions and are mostly water, assume that the densities of the solutions and the specific heat capacities of the solutions are approximately 1.0 g/ml and 4. . Solved Sample Problem: The neutralization of a solution of Dilution of nitric acid and sulphuric acid is also known as exothermic reaction as well. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010. 5.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions, 5.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions. 2K (s) +2H 2 O (l) 2KOH (aq) +H 2 (g) Do . Nitric acid plays a key role in PUREX and other nuclear fuel reprocessing methods, where it can dissolve many different actinides. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "wfna" redirects here. Screen capture done with Camtasia Studio 4.0. Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, NaHCO3(aq) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC095a and CLEAPSSRecipe Book RB084. Hope this helps! The interior was filled with coke. Observe chemical changes in this microscale experiment with a spooky twist. Add a large spatula measure of ammonium nitrate. Posted 7 years ago. Extra: -Nitric Acid is a strong acid and almost completely dissociates in aqueous solution. Nitric acid is a corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. An endothermic reaction is one that takes in energy from the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. Oxidized potassium may explode upon handling. A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, nital, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. Fuming nitric acid is concentrated nitric acid that contains dissolved nitrogen dioxide.] Unit 1: THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY, STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND SIMPLE REACTIONS, 1.7 Simple equilibria and acid-base reactions, (a) reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, Unit A2 2: Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nirtrogen Chemistry. It is also typically used in the digestion process of turbid water samples, sludge samples, solid samples as well as other types of unique samples which require elemental analysis via ICP-MS, ICP-OES, ICP-AES, GFAA and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. This is a typical acid - base reaction, and it's als. Magnesium powder, Mg(s),(HIGHLY FLAMMABLE) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC059b. This grade is often used in the explosives industry. Reaction with non-metallic elements, with the exceptions of nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases, silicon, and halogens other than iodine, usually oxidizes them to their highest oxidation states as acids with the formation of nitrogen dioxide for concentrated acid and nitric oxide for dilute acid. Upon adding a base such as ammonia, the color turns orange. Darrell D. Ebbing & Steven D. Gammon (2009). a) Water drops, sitting on your skin after a dip in a swimming pool, evaporate. It is usually stored in a glass shatterproof amber bottle with twice the volume of head space to allow for pressure build up, but even with those precautions the bottle must be vented monthly to release pressure. Q8. You may use a calculator if needed. The preparation and use of nitric acid were known to the early alchemists. So in endothermic reactions, the system (reactants) absorbs heat; thus, becomes cold. 5. [33] Descriptions of nitric acid are also found in works falsely attributed to Albert the Great and Ramon Lull, who prepared it by distilling a mixture containing niter and green vitriol and called it "eau forte" (aqua fortis). Recall that some reactions may be reversed by altering the reaction conditions. Students should be able to: distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings. Since we are forcing the reaction in the forward direction towards more unstable entities, overall. solid ice to liquid). [38][39] The nitric oxide was cooled and oxidized by the remaining atmospheric oxygen to nitrogen dioxide, and this was subsequently absorbed in water in a series of packed column or plate column absorption towers to produce dilute nitric acid. previous next Examples of endothermic processes include the melting of ice and the depressurization of a pressurized can. It should take no more than five minutes. Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings. In a low concentration (approximately 10%), nitric acid is often used to artificially age pine and maple. As a general rule, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favoring the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The enthalpy change, In the case of an endothermic reaction, the reactants are at a lower energy level compared to the productsas shown in the energy diagram below. Normally, the nitric oxide produced by the reaction is reoxidized by the oxygen in air to produce additional nitrogen dioxide. Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq)(CORROSIVE) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC091aand CLEAPSSRecipe Book RB085. So it must be an exothermic reaction then. The color produced is a grey-gold very much like very old wax- or oil-finished wood (wood finishing). sulphuric acid to form esters. The teacher may prefer to keep the magnesium ribbon under their immediate control and to dispense on an individual basis. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? Read our standard health and safety guidance. Explain. The slideshow describes an exothermic reaction between dilute sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid and an endothermic reaction between sodium carbonate and ethanoic acid. This means the total enthalpy of reaction, H has a value of -2.535 kJ because the heat is being released from the reaction. Q15.2-19P When placed in water, potassium [FREE SOLUTION An endothermic process absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.". While the pure acid tends to give off white fumes when exposed to air, acid with dissolved nitrogen dioxide gives off reddish-brown vapors, leading to the common names "red fuming nitric acid" and "white fuming nitric acid". . Does a barbarian benefit from the fast movement ability while wearing medium armor? Repeat steps 13 of the previous experiment, using sodium hydrogencarbonate solution in place of sodium hydroxide solution. The formation of this protective layer is called passivation. [6] The compound is colorless, but older samples tend to be yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen. The first towers bubbled the nitrogen dioxide through water and non-reactive quartz fragments. Now add about 10 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution and shake the mixture. The resulting nitrates are converted to various complexes that can be reacted and extracted selectively in order to separate the metals from each other. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. HFKvMc`; I In electrochemistry, nitric acid is used as a chemical doping agent for organic semiconductors, and in purification processes for raw carbon nanotubes. Chemistry questions and answers. -Similarly Potassium Hydroxide is a strong base does the same. What are 7 listed soluble salts? Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) - Properties, Structure, Molecular Weight Use a model, feedback, reapply loop to develop students practical skills, Practical experiment where learners produce gold coins by electroplating a copper coin with zinc, includes follow-up worksheet. An endothermic reaction soaks up . Balancing Strategies: This is a neutralization reaction with the nitric acid and potassium hydroxide combine to form a salt (KNO2) and water. I read somewhere that for example the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide and acetic acid is less exothermic than those of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric and nitric acid because some energy is needed to cause the weak acid (acetic acid) to completely ionise. Acetic acid is a weak acid. could this be explained in a video please? This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Metals that are passivated by concentrated nitric acid are iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, and aluminium.[11]. Nitric acid | Properties, Formula, Uses, & Facts | Britannica For example, one source which gives the enthalpy change of neutralisation of sodium hydroxide solution with HCl as -57.9 kJ mol -1 , gives a value of -56.1 kJ mol -1 for sodium . Mastering all the usages of 'exothermic' from sentence examples published by news publications. Street Fighter: Duel Artwork, The solutions could be provided in small (100 cm3) labelled conical flasks or beakers. Magnesium ribbon, Mg(s) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC059a. Dilute nitric acid and copper reaction | Cu + HNO 3 = Cu (NO 3) 2 + NO + H 2 O Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper and produce copper nitrate ( Cu (NO 3) 2 ), nitric oxide (NO) and water as products. Sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3(s) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC095A. The equation you gave (Hproducts - Hreactants) is also a valid equation, but the interpretation of delta H would just be the opposite of what was described above. For reactions involving acetic acid or ammonia, the measured enthalpy change of neutralization is a few kJ less exothermic than with strong acids and bases. Nitric acid - HNO 3 HNO 3 is an oxoacid of nitrogen and a strong monobasic acid. Direct link to Celeste L's post I am so confused because , Posted 6 years ago. Repeat steps 1-3 of the first experiment, using sulfuric acid in place of sodium hydroxide solution. Another early production method was invented by French engineer Albert Nodon around 1913. . This intermediate exists at a higher energy level than the starting reactants; it is very unstable and is referred to as the transition state. LH0i+"Uj"@ D This fluoride is added for corrosion resistance in metal tanks. Looking at the chemical reaction, its clear that one mole of. [9], The dissolved NOx is readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (1030minutes at 200mmHg or 27kPa) to give white fuming nitric acid. Read our privacy policy. Special care should be taken with the magnesium ribbon and magnesium powder and, with some classes, teachers may prefer to dispense these materials directly. Overall. Careful consideration will need to be given as to the most appropriate way to dispense the required chemicals to the class. Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water (Neutralisation), Copper(II) sulfate + magnesium magnesium sulfate + copper (Displacement, Redox), Sulfuric acid + magnesium magnesium sulfate + hydrogen (Displacement, Redox), Sodium hydrogencarbonate + citric acid sodium citrate + water + carbon dioxide (Neutralisation), Boiling tube (a large test tube, 150 x 25 mm), Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (HARMFUL), about 1 g, Zinc powder (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT), about 1 g, Ammonium nitrate crystals (OXIDISING), about 5 g. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (HARMFUL, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC027c. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3 . A reaction or process that takes in heat energy is described as endothermic. Heat changes - EXOTHERMIC and ENDOTHERMIC. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Direct link to IanTheAwesomeGuy's post Why does 9+10=21?, Posted 5 years ago. It is important that students realize that both ions are always present and exist in equilibrium with one another, but that the yellow chromate(VI) ions predominate under alkaline conditions and the orange dichromate(VI) ions predominate in acidic solutions. This website uses cookies and similar technologies to deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and advertising. [2] b) To determine the heat of neutralisation, Chelsea placed 50 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 1.0 mol dm-3 in a polystyrene cup . Direct link to mfishercnm's post In the section entitled, , Posted 5 years ago. Nitric acid is highly corrosive. Energy is conserved in chemical reactions.. One way of stating the 'law of Conservation of Energy' is to say the amount of energy in the universe at the end of a chemical reaction is the same as before the reaction took place. "[36][a] In 1785 Henry Cavendish determined its precise composition and showed that it could be synthesized by passing a stream of electric sparks through moist air. [40] The process was very energy intensive and was rapidly displaced by the Ostwald process once cheap ammonia became available. In this process, anhydrous ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide, in the presence of platinum or rhodium gauze catalyst at a high temperature of about 500K (227C; 440F) and a pressure of 9 standard atmospheres (910kPa). Neutralising nitric acid always makes "nitrate" salts. The amount of energy in the universe at the end of a chemical reaction is the same as before the reaction takes place. Why are neutralisations involving weak acids and bases less exothermic The other main applications are for the production of explosives, nylon precursors, and specialty organic compounds.[19]. Stir with a glass rod. Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. Washing is continued for at least 1015 minutes to cool the tissue surrounding the acid burn and to prevent secondary damage. An old sample of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate may already have been partly hydrated on exposure to the air. List below all of the indications you observed in this experiment that a chemical reaction occurred. . whether exothermic . For example, nitric acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium nitrate, carbon dioxide, and water (Table 16.3.1 ): [28] Systemic effects are unlikely, and the substance is not considered a carcinogen or mutagen.[29]. This method of production is still in use today. Nitric acid reacts with proteins to form yellow nitrated products. Repeat steps 13 of the first experiment, using sulfuric acid in place of sodium hydroxide solution. More recently, electrochemical means have been developed to produce anhydrous acid from concentrated nitric acid feedstock. Such distillations must be done with all-glass apparatus at reduced pressure, to prevent decomposition of the acid. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are soluble in nitric acid. In organic synthesis, industrial and otherwise, the nitro group is a versatile functional group. Because Hsoln depends on the concentration of the solute, diluting a solution can produce a change in enthalpy. Thus you should never add water to a strong acid or base; a useful way to avoid the danger is to remember: Add water to acid and get blasted! 500 sentences with 'exothermic'. Explain your answer. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. 'exothermic' in a sentence. 500 Sentences With "exothermic" | Random Sentence Generator For the Gulf Shores television station, see, He goes on to point out that "nitrous air" is the reverse, or "nitric acid deprived of air and water. Fresh water was pumped into the top through another earthenware pipe to replace the fluid removed. Add one 3 cm piece of magnesium ribbon. You can see, heat is absorbed during the above reaction, lowering the temperature of the reaction mixture, and thus the reaction flask feels cold. Put the cup into the empty 250 cm 3 beaker so that the cup is more stable. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages", "On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity", "The Production of Nitrates by the Direct Electrolysis of Peat Deposits", National Pollutant Inventory Nitric Acid Fact Sheet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitric_acid&oldid=1139443227, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2020, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from October 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 83C (181F; 356K) 68% solution boils at 121C (250F; 394K), This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 04:36. For example, copper reacts with dilute nitric acid at ambient temperatures with a 3:8 stoichiometry: The nitric oxide produced may react with atmospheric oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide. with a fat or oil to form soap. Nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) combine in a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt. You may use a calculator if needed. HNO 3 + KOH KNO 3 + H 2 O The student concluded that the aqueous potassium hydroxide was more concentrated than the dilute nitric acid. The given reaction is exothermic and really fast, and therefore the first reaction will be the correct choice for instant and vigor reaction. An exothermic process releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise. Add nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. Why is the reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate and - Quora It is not as volatile nor as corrosive as the anhydrous acid and has the approximate concentration of 21.4M. Red fuming nitric acid, or RFNA, contains substantial quantities of dissolved nitrogen dioxide (NO2) leaving the solution with a reddish-brown color. 2.8.1 demonstrate knowledge and understanding that chemical reactions in which heat is given out are exothermic and that reactions in which heat is taken in are endothermic; Use of: thermometer or sensor (temperature). Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H N O 3. ][clarification needed]). Endothermic solid-solid reactions | Experiment | RSC Education Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Exothermic or endothermic? Classifying reactions | Experiment | RSC The fluoride creates a metal fluoride layer that protects the metal. Two other kinds of changes that are accompanied by changes in enthalpy are the dissolution of solids and the dilution of concentrated solutions. Potassium Nitrate is formed More answers below Hans Kok Dean (2015-present) Author has 276 answers and 246.7K answer views 5 y HNO3 +K OH- => NO3- + H2O + K+ Or when dissolved in water: H+ + NO3- + K+ + OH- => K+ + NO3- + H2O You see that in water the NO3- and K+ ions actually don't participate in the reaction Fay Sedore (a) Decomposition of ferrous sulphate (b) Dilution of sulphuric acid (c) Dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water (d) Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water. [34] In 1806, Humphry Davy reported the results of extensive distilled water electrolysis experiments concluding that nitric acid was produced at the anode from dissolved atmospheric nitrogen gas. There is some disagreement over the value of the acid dissociation constant, though the pKa value is usually reported as less than 1. Alternatively, the reaction of equal moles of any nitrate salt such as sodium nitrate with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and distilling this mixture at nitric acid's boiling point of 83C. Copper and Nitric Acid Reaction | Cu + HNO3 [17] Dissolved nitrogen oxides are either stripped in the case of white fuming nitric acid, or remain in solution to form red fuming nitric acid. Put 10 drops of potassium chromate(VI) solution in a test tube. [18], The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. HNO 3 , (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H = -57.3 kJ. The addition of acid encourages the equilibrium towards the right, producing more orange-coloured dichromate(VI) ions. During the course of the reaction, there exists an intermediate stage, where chemical bonds are partially broken and partially formed. The dilute nitric acid and the potassium hydroxide solution were both at room temperature. The slideshow describes an exothermic reaction between dilute sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, and an endothermic reaction between sodium carbonate and ethanoic acid. Example: Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of a conc. Access to the following solutions (all at approx 0.4 M concentration): The reactions and types of reaction involved are: Try this student activity ontemperature changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions,featuring teacher notes and a downloadable worksheet. It boils at 83C (181F). Physical Description. In a chemical reaction, some bonds are broken and some bonds are formed. CAS No. Stir with the thermometer and record the maximum or minimum temperature reached. The activity is designed to accompany the experiments that use polystyrene cups. Helium Tank Refill Near Me, Type of Chemical Reaction: For this reaction we have a neutralization reaction. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. In other words, the products are more stable than the reactants. http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Enthalpy/Standard_Enthalpy_Of_Formation. Production from one deposit was 800 tons per year.[41][42]. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid. Metal + Acid = Salt + Hydrogen . Chemical reactions can result in a change in temperature. Once the Haber process for the efficient production of ammonia was introduced in 1913, nitric acid production from ammonia using the Ostwald process overtook production from the BirkelandEyde process. Some sports. Gases (ideal ones) do not have either type of intermolecular bonding. Depending on the acid concentration, temperature and the reducing agent involved, the end products can be variable. Calculating probabilities from d6 dice pool (Degenesis rules for botches and triggers). This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas. According to the concentration of HNO 3 acid solution, products given by the reaction with copper are different. Cobalt Chloride Equilibrium: Influence of Concentration and Temperature Can you repeat the whole process by adding sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide alternately all over again. [25] It is also used to clean glass before silvering when making silver mirrors. Same concept, different interpretation. nitric acid and potassium hydroxide exothermic or endothermic - TouchPoint However, some less noble metals (Ag, Cu, ) present in some gold alloys relatively poor in gold such as colored gold can be easily oxidized and dissolved by nitric acid, leading to colour changes of the gold-alloy surface. hV[o:+~lNEZaO+!Rh!AIzTq%,[3u`#:[ QArRAF*P""PPCLsK #?$h A0>&`H-kX,D:A:snF{dn;jN9fI8) 1.K_i{p3Y&FkpI; +G}QNc. How absorbing heat makes you cold? The thermochemical equation for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is as shown below. Some metalloids and metals give the oxides; for instance, Sn, As, Sb, and Ti are oxidized into SnO2, As2O5, Sb2O5, and TiO2 respectively.[11]. Dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC098a and CLEAPSSRecipe Book RB098. Now, Sam and Julie are curious about the difference between an endothermic and an exothermic reaction. Alternatively, if the last step is carried out in air: The aqueous HNO3 obtained can be concentrated by distillation up to about 68% by mass. Watch what happens and feel the bottom of the tube. Carry out the following reactions. Each activity contains comprehensive information for teachers and technicians, including full technical notes and step-by-step procedures. Other acids make other types of salts. The experiments can also be used to revise different types of chemical reaction and, with some classes, chemical formulae and equations. Nitric acid Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Rinse out and dry the polystyrene cup. Otherwise it could be carried out as a teacher demonstration. For reactions involving ethanoic acid or ammonia, the measured enthalpy change of neutralisation is a few kilojoules less exothermic than with strong acids and bases. KOH (aq) +H Cl(aq) KCl(aq) + H 2O(l) And at the equivalence point, the pH = 7, i.e. Acids and alkalis - AQA Synergy - BBC Bitesize Practical Chemistry activities accompanyPractical Physics andPractical Biology. In this experiment, students add dilute sulfuric acid to an aqueous solution of potassium chromate(VI). Nitric acid can act as a base with respect to an acid such as sulfuric acid: The nitronium ion, [NO2]+, is the active reagent in aromatic nitration reactions. If a saturated solution of sodium nitrate, NaNO 3, is prepared, the following equilibrium exists: NaNO 3 (s) Na +(aq) + NO 3-(aq) a) If nitric acid is added to the saturated solution, what will happen to the previous next The energy required to reach this transition state is called activation energy. 3. Because of the mass of white sodium acetate that has crystallized, the metal disc is no longer visible. I think the answer is closer to what was stated in the original question: "some energy is needed to cause the weak acid (acetic acid) to completely ionise". Dilution of nitric acid and sulphuric acid is also known as exothermic reaction as well. The full equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is: (1) N a O H ( a q) + H C l ( a q) N a C l ( a q) + H 2 O ( l) but what is actually happening is: (2) O H ( a q) + H + ( a q) H 2 O ( l) The reaction is endothermic. A reaction or process that releases heat energy is described as exothermic. 4.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions. Enthalpy is a state function whose change indicates the amount of heat transferred from a system to its surroundings or vice versa, at constant pressure. The experiment is most appropriate with A-level students, given the potential hazards with solutions containing chromate(VI) and dichromate(VI) ions. Work out the temperature change and decide if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Image titled chemistry lab: experiments are fun. Add about 5 cm 3 of sulfuric acid and shake to mix thoroughly. Discard the mixture (in the sink with plenty of water). This can be explained by theories of resonance; the two major canonical forms show some double bond character in these two bonds, causing them to be shorter than single NO bonds. Nitric oxide is then reacted with oxygen in air to form nitrogen dioxide. 556 0 obj <> endobj An exothermic process releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise. I'm not sure the changing states part of this article is correct. Repeat steps 13 of the first experiment, using copper(II) sulfate solution in place of sodium hydroxide solution. A safer reaction involves a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. The presence of small amounts of nitrous acid (HNO2) greatly increases the rate of reaction.
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