Airman 1st Class Nicholas McKinney prepares to be extracted from the inside of a C-17 Globemaster III fuel tank during training at Joint Base Charleston, Table 1 Glossary of terms used Full size table Veterans with hearing loss and tinnitus can get separate ratings for each disability. Exposure to jet fuel, not just noise, contributes to Furthermore, because JP-8 is essentially the same as other hydrocarbon fuels, differing mainly in the chemical percentages, the same risk that aircrews, Bone-Conduction Devices. 1 Many ototoxic substances have a greater-than-additive (e.g., synergistic) effect on hearing loss with noise exposure and in particular with impulse noise. Retrieved from, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Your child may be referred to a specialist for hearing testing. The louder the sound, the shorter the amount of time it takes for NIHL to happen. Noise dosimetry for tactical environments. Email: nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov, NIH Publication No. Sound therapy devices deliver tones that are frequency pitch matched and rapidly modulated to help tinnitus patients get relief. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! These doctors can conduct both hearing and tinnitus evaluations and recommend the best course of action. ROCKET SYSTEM (MLRS) OPERATIONAL FIRE DIRECTION SPECIALIST, FIELD ARTILLERY Are aviation workers losing their hearing? | Widex Pro Signup to never miss a beat with special offers, blog updates, exclusive trainings, and more delivered right to your inbox! Either oil or coolant is leaking onto a hot engine component. It can also be the fuel itself. Visual Information Production-Documentation, 6F0X1 Copyright 2023 VA Claims Insider, LLC. Some hearing loss caused by damage to the middle ear from head trauma can be reversed with surgery. Having trouble hearing is the main symptom of noise-induced hearing loss. While primary physicians may be the first point of contact for seeking treatment, audiologists are better equipped to test and prescribe more advanced treatments for tinnitus. Review our editorial policy to learn more about our process for producing accurate, current and balanced content. Find a Provider. Corps Duty MOS Noise Exposure Listing, Categories Hearing Loss is a Significant Factor for Many Veterans. The VA spends more than $1 billion per year on hearing loss cases, which represent about 15% of new disability claims filed with the VA each year. Retrieved from, Hearing Loss Association of America. Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. Communication-Computer Systems Control, 3C3X1 Everyday Activities That Cause Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Verywell Health [Jet engine noise influence on TEOAE in jet engine servicing personnel]. processing dysfunction, on the other hand, the sound comes through fine. Retrieved from, Military Disability Made Easy. Once the hearing nerve is damaged, it is permanent. Talk with your childs healthcare provider about which medicines may cause further hearing damage. Using noise-canceling headphones to listen to music at appropriate decibel levels or during everyday activities is not harmful to your hearing. He was the founding Director of the Tinnitus Treatment Center at the University of California, Irvine, and has worked with hundreds of tinnitus patients over the past decade. Electronic System Security Assessment, 1T0X1 What Is Tinnitus? Causes and Treatment | NIDCD These limits are based on a worker's time weighted average over an eight-hour day. Damage to the eardrum and middle ear causes conductive hearing loss. This website and its content may be deemed attorney advertising. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. AVIATION ENGINEERING (DESIGN AND ACCEPTANCE), 8100-8199 MAINTENANCE WARRANT OFFICER, Navy There is no way to fix damaged hair cells. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. AVIATION ENGINEERING (MAINTENANCE AND REWORK), 9100-9199 Its important to keep in mind that pure-tone tests measure the sounds a person can hear but not how well they can understand speech. Audiologists determine the level of hearing loss by measuring the difference between a persons hearing threshold and the normal average. Sorry there is a continuing error in our system. These devices have a battery, a digital processor and a microphone. The Dangers Of Jet Engine Noise: How It Can Cause Hearing Loss Options for hearing protection include off-the-shelf foam ear plugs or custom-made silicone ear plugs. Heres how: The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) supports research on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hearing loss. 2017 Jun;349:42-54. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.11.008. But for those with chronic tinnitus, productivity and the overall quality of life can be diminished. Extended Active Duty USAFR Academy/CAP Liaison Officer, Coast Guard Duty MOS Noise Exposure Listing, Merchant Brian isalso the CEOofMilitary Disability Made Easy, which is the worlds largest free searchable database for all things related to DoD disability and VA disability claims and has served more than 4,600,000 military members and veterans since its founding in 2013. Dr. O'neil Guthrie, a research scientist and clinical audiologist with the VA Loma Linda Healthcare System in California, says it's not just the noise that The microscopic hair cells, or cilia, cannot repair themselves. OSHA charged a company with $53,100 in 2015. exposed to noise of the choppers, I was also a KC1`35 Crewchief and exposed to Generators daily, jet . A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau. Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape Training, 2A0X1 So no one type of treatment is likely to be equally effective for all. If the table lists your Duty MOS Noise Exposure level as "Moderate" or "Low," you must explain how your military service caused or made your Tinnitus or Hearing Loss worse in your own words. Those who work around jet fuel-or other hydrocarbon fuelsmay be at higher risk for problems with how the brain interprets incoming sound, suggests research at the Loma Linda VA. ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN (conversion to 120A 1 Oct 10), GEOSPATIAL SNHL is the most common type of hearing loss and is caused by noise exposure, medications and age, to name a few. His eBook, the9 Secrets Strategies for Winning Your VA Disability Claimhas been downloaded more than 300,000 times in the past three years and is the #1 rated free VA disability claims guide for veterans. The volume (dBA) and the length of exposure to the sound will tell you how harmful the noise is . About the author: Jeff Carroll, Ph.D. is director of clinical services and engineering for Sound Cure, Inc., a sound therapy system. Steady: Continuous noise of sudden or gradual . Noise is the most common cause for hearing loss and it is completely preventable! The work was published Dr. Carroll holds a doctoral degree in Biomedical Engineering from UC-Irvine. (n.d.). Retrieved from, Reuters. But soldiers may also suffer TBI without blast damage. A 2012 VA study reviewed medical charts of 250 veterans with mild TBI. Currently Approved VA Protocols for Research, Letters and Op-eds Concerning VA Research with Animals, Centralized Interactive Phenomics Resource (CIPHER), Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses Biorepository, ORD VHA Directives, Handbooks, and Program Guides, NIH Manuscript Submission for VA Investigators. Getting Veterans Disability Compensation for Vision or Hearing Loss. Causes of hearing loss - Wikipedia Hearing aids or other devices can help you hear better, but your hearing will not come back on its own. Aircraft Communication & Navigation Systems, 2A6X6 Drugwatch is located at: HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help noise for six hours per day, a level considered safe by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Any sound above 85 decibels has the potential to cause hearing damage, especially with frequent or prolonged exposure. Many people have experienced this for a short time after exposure to loud sound for example after attending a rock concert. For example, fluid buildup from an infection may clear up with antibiotics, and corticosteroids treat conditions caused by autoimmune issues. Hearing protection. Noise-induced hearing loss Tinnitus, also referred to as ringing in the ears Sleep disturbances Heart disease and diabetes Pain and fatigue Poor work and school performance Irritability and aggression Speech problems Hormonal responses (stress hormones) and their consequences on human metabolism and immune system function Noise pollution advocacy Heating, Ventilation, AC, & Refrigeration, 3E2X1 High-frequency hearing loss is normally the first symptom of this type of noise-induced hearing loss. Severe hearing impairment among military veterans United States, 2010. Avionics Guidance & Control Systems, 2A1X3 Hearing Loss: A Common Problem for Older Adults Cargo Transport - 88. Hearing loss. BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBRN) DEFENSE, AIR Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane. When these hairs or nerve cells are damaged or missing, electrical signals aren't transmitted as efficiently, and hearing loss occurs. NASA also is partially funding the project. AND TRAINING (conversion to 74A 1 Oct 10), CHEMICAL MUNITIONS (2006) Download Free PDF. Because hearing loss and tinnitus are such prevalent problems for service members, the military provides standard-issue hearing protection, and earplugs are standard-issue across the services. I'm a 55 year old woman. (n.d.). Both help prevent hearing loss. MeSH (conversion to 12T 1 Oct 10), CONCRETE & Noise is a fact of life at any airport facility. Given the enormity of the increase in spending by the VA on hearing loss disability payments to former Navy personnel, it is important to find the sources of this hearing loss and then investigate ways to reverse this . 38 CFR Book C, Schedule for Rating Disabilities. Noise Reduction With Ear Protection: Understanding Jet Engine Decibel (conversion to 12C 1 Oct 10), CONSTRUCTION FIRE CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALIST, FIELD ARTILLERY When your child is going to be around loud noises, he or she should use earplugs or muffs. The NIDCD maintains a directory of organizations that provide information on the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, taste, smell, voice, speech, and language. Because hearing loss can be caused by noise damage to the ear, an individual can get both hearing loss and tinnitus from noise damage. "We need to develop ways to monitor combined exposures (i.e., fuel and noise exposure) and develop safety guidelines," says Guthrie. Visit the VAs eligibility for benefits webpage to read more about how to start a claim. This partition is called the basilar membrane because it serves as the base, or ground floor, on which key hearing structures sit. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Permanent hearing loss is the most serious complication of noise-induced hearing loss. Think of this as the cup over your ears feeling you had for a few hours after a loud concert. A study cited by the VA and published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health found JP-8 interacted with noise to cause auditory processing dysfunction in the brain. HEALTH SERVICES MANAGEMENT GROUP, 0100-0199 It tests the faintest tones a person can hear at different frequencies, or pitches. Impairment due to blast can include peripheral hearing loss, central auditory processing deficits, vestibular impairment, and tinnitus. What's the Decibel Degree of a Jet Plane? - Curious Science! AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE WARRANT OFFICER/SENIOR, ENGINEER EQUIPMENT The patient can wear the device behind the ear, on their tooth like a retainer or surgically embedded in the temporal bone. Sound is measured in a unit called decibels (dB). Regular hearing tests are recommended. SUBSISTENCE, OPEN MESS AND BQ MANAGEMENT, 1900-1999 If enough cells and nerves are destroyed, hearing is permanently damaged. But aspirin, caffeine, nicotine, antibiotics and certain other medicines can also exacerbate the condition. Treatment Overview. SYSTEMS MAINTAINER/INTEGRATOR, INTELLIGENCE SENIOR "JP-8 is one part of a larger class of hydrocarbon chemicals," says Guthrie. All rights reserved. Aircraft noise is one of the leading causes of hearing loss. If you're exposed to that level of noise, you can experience sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) when the nerve endings or tiny hair cells within the ear are damaged or have died. ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN (conversion to 125A 1 Oct 10), CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus PMC Retrieved from, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Sounds at or below 70 A-weighted decibels (dBA), even after long exposure, are unlikely to cause hearing loss. This means that when the noise level is increased by 5 dB, the amount of time a person can be exposed to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut in half. Veterans who receive VA hearing loss or tinnitus disability compensation can file a lawsuit against 3M without losing their benefits. For example, a child with little or no benefit from hearing aids after 6 months of use. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Retrieved from, Wadsworth, M. (n.d.). Earplugs fit into the outer ear. Have your hearing tested if you think you might have hearing loss. Force Enlisted Duty MOS Noise Exposure Listing, 1C5X1 "Airports are closing all across the country for the same reason: noise," he said. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006396. MATE (LAUNCHING AND RECOVERY EQUIPMENT), AVIATION BOATSWAINS The military uses two basic tests to check for hearing loss and disability ratings: pure-tone audiometry and speech audiometry, also called speech discrimination. station attendants, and potentially even passengers who are frequent flyers on commercial jets. Have also noticed occasional blurring of notes as I listen to music. Loud noise exposure can also cause tinnitus a ringing, buzzing, or roaring in the ears or head. by Occupational Field instead of individual MOS designation as there are Hair cellssensory cells sitting on top of the basilar membraneride the wave. This represents an increase of $65 Million in spending by the VA on Navy hearing disability payments since 1999. Virginia Tech researchers seek to reduce deafening jet engine noise Michelle collaborates with experts, including board-certified doctors, patients and advocates, to provide trusted health information to the public. government site. SENIOR SERGEANT (conversion to 12Z 1 Oct 10), NETWORK SWITCHING Professional Military Education Instructor, 9A000 According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, about 30 million U.S. workers are exposed to occupational noise each year. Being proactive in preventing hearing loss and tinnitus is needed, or at least mitigating its effects. Military personnel experience noise exposure quite often. GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, USMA, PROFESSOR OF AND EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL, SIGNALS Normal conversational speech is around 60dB. If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit. However, there is noise and then there is NOISE. Noise-induced hearing loss is gradual and painless. Hearing Conservation Stand-Down. In addition to the traditional types of hearing loss, veterans also suffer from auditory processing disorder, a condition associated with blast exposure. We don't yet have a good way to manage that.". Noise And Hearing: PDF Only. Permanent hearing loss is the most serious complication of noise-induced hearing loss. Causes of hearing loss include: Damage to the inner ear. Radio and Television Broadcasting, 3S0X2 Averaged audiometric hearing threshold levels of technical staff were higher ( 17 dB HL, p < 0.001) than in the control group. Personnel Systems Management (PSM), 3V0X3 If you understand the hazards of noise and how to practice good hearing health, you can protect your hearing for life. It's a Noisy Planet. It can be temporary or permanent, and it can affect one ear or both ears. Noise-induced hearing loss is a major preventable disease. Anyone who does experience tinnitus should see a qualified audiologist. Avionics Test Station and Components, 2A1X2 Wear hearing protection when exposed to loud noises such as rock concerts, gunfire at the shooting range, jet skiing or auto racing. APC - 120. However the two do not always occur together. COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT REPAIRER, AVIONICS & Shorter occasional exposure to loud noise in the 150 to 155-decibel . TECHNICIAN (ELECTRICAL), GAS TURBINE SYSTEM Jet-powered aircraft create intense noise from aerodynamics. The site is secure. Had Tinnitus for Years, But Now Loud "Engine Idling" Sound in One Ear! Keep in mind that permanent hearing damage can occur from sounds louder than 85 dB, physical pain occurs at around 125 dB, and an eardrum may burst at 140 dB. (n.d.). Retrieved from, United States of America ex rel. For more information, visit our partners page. NIHL is the only type of hearing loss that is completely preventable. Your childs healthcare provider will ask question about your childs hearing. LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM (MLRS)/HIGH MOBILITY ARTILLERY ROCKET, MULTIPLE LAUNCH SHIPBOARD OPERATIONS AND WEAPONS, 9900-9999 Regularly being around loud noise can also cause: High blood pressure Increased heart rate Upset stomach Difficulty sleeping Irritability and increased tiredness Trouble sleeping Ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus) Harmful noises at home may come from sources including lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and woodworking tools. Exposure to jet fuel, not just noise, contributes to hearing problems Official websites use .gov Continued exposure to noise above 70 dBA (adjusted decibels) over time will cause hearing loss. AIR OPERATIONS CENTER STAFF PLANNING AND OPERATIONS, 9200-9296 We appreciate your feedback. ENHANCED OPERATOR/MAINTAINER, AIR Anything above 85 decibels for a prolonged time will most likely cause hearing damage eventually. Force Officer Duty MOS Noise Exposure Listing, Heath Loud noise also contributes to tinnitus. ARMAMENT/ELECTRICAL/AVIONICS SYSTEMS REPAIRER, OBSERVATION/SCOUT Estimate your 2023 VA Rating & Compensation for FREE! RETENTION NCO (ARMY NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED STATES), AMMUNITION STOCK Veterans' Compensation for Noise Exposure | Cuddigan Law Stereocilia perch atop sensory hair cells in the inner ear. 3M combat earplug lawsuits to proceed, judge rules, despite bankruptcy case. Sensorineural hearing loss is permanent damage to the inner ear and auditory nerve, but hearing aids can help. Our team includes experienced medical writers, award-winning journalists, researchers and certified medical and legal experts. Our writers are members of professional associations, including American Medical Writers Association, American Bar Association, The Alliance of Professional Health Advocates and International Society for Medical Publication Professionals. Awaiting Retraining Reasons within Control, 9A200 For those working in noisy environments, hearing loss is a potentially serious problem. Helped more than 12,000 people find legal help. Effects of aircraft noise on hearing and auditory pathway - PubMed When you are exposed to loud noise over a long period of time, you may slowly start to lose your hearing. Awaiting Discharge/Separation/Retirement for Reasons Within Their Control, 9A300 Read Free Online. First, temporary threshold shift is the short-term loss of hearing after exposure to loud noise. recently in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 8600 Rockville Pike The signal then travels to the nerve in the inner ear, bypassing damaged hair cells in the cochlea. Talk with your childs provider about special therapy for speech, language, and hearing. Sound therapy, hearing aids and cognitive behavioral therapy may help. Cochlear implants. Your child may have the following: Normal conversation may sound muffled or unclear, Ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus). Tinnitus may subside over time, but can sometimes continue constantly or occasionally throughout a person's life. We can manage hearing loss rather effectively with hearing aids," says Guthrie, "but processing the soundallowing One way of describing noise is by decibels. He is aformer active duty Air Force officerwith extensive experience leading hundreds of individuals and multi-functional teams in challenging international environments, including a combat tour to Afghanistan in 2011 supporting Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. PDF Statistical Analysis of Hearing Loss Among Navy Personnel HELICOPTER SYSTEMS REPAIRER, AVIONICS Common Noise Levels - Noise Awareness Day CONTROL & ACCOUNTING SPECIALIST, M1 ABRAHMS TANK We send them on their Tinnitus is experienced differently from person to person. Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss. How Do I Know if I Have Hearing Loss Caused by Loud Noise? (2019, September 27). OPERATOR-MAINTAINER, MULTICHANNEL Listening to music on a personal device, like an MP3 player, with the volume turned up too high. What constitutes a loud noise? 2 Several studies have suggested that some INTELLIGENCE/HUMAN INTELLIGENCE SERGEANT, SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE SURVEYOR/METEOROLOGICAL CREWMEMBER, FIELD ARTILLERY Web senorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the retrocochlea nerves (nerves that connect the ear to the brain). At the visit, write down the names of new medicines, treatments, or tests, and any new instructions your provider gives you for your child. Fireworks within 3 feet, guns, jet engine, Personal music player set at loudest level, chain saw, radio-controlled airplane, Gradual hearing loss may happen over time. 120-130 dB. Recreational activities that can put you at risk for NIHL include target shooting and hunting, snowmobile riding, listening to MP3 players at high volume through earbuds or headphones, playing in a band, and attending loud concerts. *Note: PDF files require a viewer such as the free Adobe Reader . For example, you could say something like while my duty MOS has a low probability of noise exposure, it fails to account for my multiple combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan, whereby I had to become qualified on the M4 and M16 at firing ranges during training and I was exposued to loud Helo noises, noisy flightlines, and indirect fire attacks.. Twenty more were exposed to low levels of JP-8 Michelle Llamas has been writing articles and producing podcasts about drugs, medical devices and the FDA for nearly a decade. Veterans with hearing loss and tinnitus can take measures to ensure their condition doesnt worsen. He or she will examine your child, paying close attention to the ears. Exposure to noise emitted by jet engines was evaluated. middle ear fluid. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT REPAIRER (FORMERLY 63J), CONSTRUCTION Unfortunately, veterans are 30 percent more likely than nonveterans to suffer severe hearing impairment, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Airman 1st Class Nicholas McKinney prepares to be extracted from the inside of a C-17 Globemaster III fuel tank during training at Joint Base Charleston, Hearing also affects service members ability to interact with friends and loved ones back home and be a part of their community. Every day, we experience sound in our environment, such as the sounds from television and radio, household appliances, and traffic. Some people have a combination of both types. The damage from NIHL, combined with aging, can lead to hearing loss severe enough that you need hearing aids to magnify the sounds around you to help you hear, communicate, and participate more fully in daily activities. Use earplugs or muffs tohelp prevent hearing loss. 2023 Drugwatch.com Privacy Policy / Advertising Disclosure / Cochlear Implants. TECHNICIAN (MECHANICAL), Navy Jet Fuel and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Researchers have also found a connection between jet propulsion fuel-8 commonly known as JP-8 and hearing loss. Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were recorded in both groups. Drugwatch.com has provided reliable, trusted information about medications, medical devices and general health since 2008. Some studies have shown that pilots who fly frequently can suffer from hearing loss due to the exposure to the loud noise of the engine. Results: Jet engines emitted broadband noise with spectrum dominated by components in the frequency range 315-6300 Hz (1/3-octave bands). We know the pain of feeling stuck, frustrated, and alone, and we want to make this process as easy and painless as possible for you. Financial Management & Comptroller, 8E000 MEASUREMENT, & DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT (TMDE) MAINTENANCE SUPPORT, APACHE ATTACK Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - LWW Pavement and Construction Equipment, 3N0X2 Retrieved from, Hearing Center of Excellence. In the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Columbia Division. Hearing loss occurs when the inner ear is damaged. 12N 1 Oct 10), PRIME POWER The study comprised 60 men, aged 24-50 years, employed in army as technical staff and exposed to jet engine noise for 6-20 years. Regularly being around loud noise can also cause: You and your children should use earplugs or muffs when you know you will be around loud noise. UC engineers developed a new engine nozzle that muffles the noise from jet engines without hindering performance. Officer Duty MOS Noise Exposure Listing, 0000-0099 His frustration with the8-step VA disability claims processled him to createVA Claims Insider,which provides U.S. military veterans with tips, strategies, and lessons learned for successfully submitting or re-submitting a winning VA disability compensation claim. It's a fact aircrews know well. Related Links Articles in PubMed by L L Kopra, Ph.D. Hearing loss and tinnitus are the most common disabilities among veterans. You might see the leak on the exhaust manifold, or it could be harder to find. Noise Exposure of B-52 and KC-135 Aircraft Maintenance Personnel. 6. Results: Subjects with 3 years of jet fuel exposure had a 70% increase in adjusted odds of hearing loss (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.14-2.53) and the odds increased to 2.41 (95% CI = 1.04-5.57) for . Hear from fellow Veterans just like you, with many of our Veteran Success Managers having gone through our programs. (2011). These can be standard ear protectors that block as much sound as possible or ear plugs which typically contain a filter and are designed to block out all frequencies equally to provide protection while maintaining sound quality. Similarly, the DPOAE amplitude was lower ( 17 dB SPL, p < 0.01) in the noise-exposed subjects compared to the non-exposed ones. The Ears. These deficits are particularly challenging in the TBI population, as symptoms can be mistaken for posttraumatic stress disorder, mental-health issues, and cognitive deficits. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OPERATOR-MAINTAINER, COMBAT Research reveals clues that could regrow the cells that help us hear, Program that trains community health workers to deliver hearing care shows success among low-income older adults, Research illuminates approaches for long-term hearing loss treatment, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Music through headphones at maximum volume, sporting events, and concerts.
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